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41.
淮河息县站流量概率预报模型研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
应用美国天气局采用的由Roman Krzysztofowicz开发的贝叶斯统计理论建立概率水文预报理论框架,即以分布函数形式定量地描述水文预报不确定度,研究了淮河息县站流量概率预报模型。理论和经验表明,概率预报至少与确定性预报一样有价值,特别当预报不确定度较大时,概率预报比现行确定性预报具有更高的经济价值。 相似文献
42.
Analysis of Sediments and Soils by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Using Matrix Corrections Based on Fundamental Parameters 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jacinta Enzweiler Maria Aparecida Vendemiatto 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2004,28(1):103-112
Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF) is widely used for the analysis of soils and sediments using well characterised procedures. However, difficulties can occur with samples such as unknowns containing small amounts of ore materials and samples collected from contaminated sites where trace elemental concentrations can exceed the concentration range for routine analysis. We studied the performance of a commercially available method, based on fundamental parameters (FP) to correct matrix effects. The spectrometer was originally calibrated with elemental or simple compound calibrants. Samples were analysed as pressed powder pellets. Eighteen sediment and soil reference materials, three of them with certified values for some of their constituents, were used to evaluate accuracy, by comparing results with recommended values and their standard deviations (RV ± 2s) or certified values and their confidence intervals (CV ± Cl). When results fell systematically outside these intervals, calibrations were refined with geochemical reference materials. The best agreement of results with recommended and certified values was obtained when the contents of H2 O and C in each sample were included as matrix constituents during calculations. The detection limits of trace elements tended to be relatively high, because the measuring conditions employed were not maximised for sensitivity. The main advantage of the method tested was that it enabled the analysis of samples with high concentrations of trace elements and the determination of elements such as F, Bi, Sb and W, which are not commonly included in quantitative XRF analysis of geological samples. 相似文献
43.
云南逐月雨量和气温的格点数据资料场建立 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8
根据云南各气象台站的逐月雨量和气温观测数据资料,采用距离平方加权平均的格点插值方法,建立了云南(98.0°E~106.0°E、21.0°N~29.0°N)1951年1月~2002年12月0.25°×0.25°经纬度分辨率的逐月格点降水和气温数据资料场。应用该格点数据资料场,分析得到了云南年降水量场和年气温场变化的一些基本空间分布特征和时间演变特征。 相似文献
44.
基于EM算法和单幅雷达图像阴影的控制点坡度校正 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对在我国现有的条件下进行控制点坡度校正的必要性进行了阐述,并分析了EM算法。根据EM算法以及基于区域增长的余弦散射模型建立了控制点坡度校正模型,并用河北省张北地区的雷达影像进行了实验,取得了较高的精度初值。 相似文献
45.
MODIS 1B影像几何纠正方法研究及软件实现 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
MODIS影像是一种新型和重要的数据。对MODIS 1B影像几何畸变原因进行了深入分析,选择了一种合适的纠正方法。对于1km分辨率MODIS 1B影像,直接采用1km分辨率的空间坐标进行几何纠正;对于250m和500m分辨率的MODIS 1B影像,先用三次样条曲线对坐标进行插值生成同分辨率的坐标,然后利用坐标插值结果对其进行几何纠正。由于MODIS影像在空问分布上的特殊性,采用前向和后向映射相结合的方式确定纠正后某一像素点在原始影像中的位置。根据该位置的条带重叠度,可以确定参与计算像素个数、搜索窗口的大小以及窗口的精确位置;采用归一化反距离加权插值法计算纠正后像素点的属性值。上述优化算法不仅保证了纠正后影像的质量,而且提高了数据处理速度。作者在Visual C 6.0环境下开发实现了上述算法。从坐标插值和几何纠正结果分析,无论是数据处理速度还是纠正后的影像质量和精度均达到要求。 相似文献
46.
47.
龚新华 《地震地磁观测与研究》2005,(Z1)
长沙地震台北东方向深源地震的记录中,发生于日本海边缘和中朝俄接界区域的深源地震存在sP震相,它超前于S波,由于震相能量较大,容易与S波相混淆。本文讨论了如何对它进行辨别。 相似文献
48.
Although Eddy Covariance (EC) technique is one of the best methods for estimating the energy and mass exchanges between underlying surface and atmosphere in micrometeorology, errors and uncertainties still exist without necessary corrections. In this paper, we will focus on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over four sites (one farmland site, one grassland site and two forest sites), the effects of three coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, Triple Rotation-TR and Planar Fit-PF)on the turbulent fluxes are analyzed. It shows that (i) the corrected fluxes are more or less than the uncorrected fluxes, which is related mainly to the sloping degree of surface, wind speed and wind direction; and (ii) pitch angle has a sinusoidal dependence on wind direction, especially in the regular sloping terrain; and (iii) PF method is something like the simplification of TR or DR,and there are not obvious distinctions in correction in sloping grassland and flat farmland, but PF method is not suitable for uneven and irregular forest sites. 相似文献
49.
50.
Using raw regional climate model outputs for quantifying climate change impacts on hydrology 下载免费PDF全文
General circulation model outputs are rarely used directly for quantifying climate change impacts on hydrology, due to their coarse resolution and inherent bias. Bias correction methods are usually applied to correct the statistical deviations of climate model outputs from the observed data. However, the use of bias correction methods for impact studies is often disputable, due to the lack of physical basis and the bias nonstationarity of climate model outputs. With the improvement in model resolution and reliability, it is now possible to investigate the direct use of regional climate model (RCM) outputs for impact studies. This study proposes an approach to use RCM simulations directly for quantifying the hydrological impacts of climate change over North America. With this method, a hydrological model (HSAMI) is specifically calibrated using the RCM simulations at the recent past period. The change in hydrological regimes for a future period (2041–2065) over the reference (1971–1995), simulated using bias‐corrected and nonbias‐corrected simulations, is compared using mean flow, spring high flow, and summer–autumn low flow as indicators. Three RCMs driven by three different general circulation models are used to investigate the uncertainty of hydrological simulations associated with the choice of a bias‐corrected or nonbias‐corrected RCM simulation. The results indicate that the uncertainty envelope is generally watershed and indicator dependent. It is difficult to draw a firm conclusion about whether one method is better than the other. In other words, the bias correction method could bring further uncertainty to future hydrological simulations, in addition to uncertainty related to the choice of a bias correction method. This implies that the nonbias‐corrected results should be provided to end users along with the bias‐corrected ones, along with a detailed explanation of the bias correction procedure. This information would be especially helpful to assist end users in making the most informed decisions. 相似文献